I nitriti come molecola segnale: effetti diretti e indiretti sulla regolazione dell'attività cardiaca

Abstract

Nitrite anion is a physiological NO storage form and an alternative way for NO generation, recently emerged as a cardioprotective endogenous modulator. Using Langendorff perfused rat hearts, as paradigms of mammals heart, we explored nitrite influence on the Frank-Starling response. We demonstrated that, like NO, exogenous nitrite improves the Frank-Starling response in rat heart as indicated by Left Ventricular Pressure (LVP) and the maximal rate of LVP decline (LVdP/dtmax), used as indexes of inotropism. Noteworthy, the minimal negative derivative of intraventricular pressure, LVdP/dt min, used as indexes of lusitropism, was positively affected by nitrite, suggesting the anion involvement not only in the systolic but also in the diastolic phase. This positive influence of nitrite was unaffected by endocardial endothelium impairment and NOS inhibition. In addition, the effect resulted sensitive to NO scavengers, independent on nitroxyl anion, and mediated by a cGMP/PKG-dependent pathway. These results suggest that nitrite acts as a physiological source of NO modulating the stretch-induced intrinsic regulation of the mammals heart. Moreover, nitrite affects numerous biological processes through NO-independent pathways (Bryan et al., 2005), including the S-nitrosylation of thiol-containing proteins (Foster et al., 2003). The mechanisms underlying these phenomena, until now not fully understood, are of great interest because of their cardiovascular therapeutic potential. In the last part of this study we analysed in the rat heart whether nitrite affect S-nitrosylation of cardiac proteins and the potential targets for S-nitrosylation. Rat hearts, perfused according to Langendorff, were exposed to nitrite and then analysed by Biotin Switch Method. We showed that nitrite increased the degree of S-nitrosylation of a broad range of membrane proteins. Further analysis, conducted on subfractioned proteins, allowed us to identify a high level of nitrosylation in a small range of plasmalemmal proteins (45-50 kDa). The increment in S-nitrosylation at this location was characterized by using an anti-Kir2.1 rabbit polyclonal antibody. We also verified that this effect of nitrite is preserved in the presence of the NO scavenger P-TIO. Finally, we wanted to investigate the direct effects of nitrite using two specific inhibitors of the major nitrite reductase in the heart, xantine oxidoreductase and citocrome P450 (allopurinol and ketoconazole respectively). The effect of nitrite in the presence of these inibitors is a bit reduced compared to control. A further analysis of this result, we used nitrite in the presence of N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), a specific inhibitor of the nitroxyl anion (HNO). In this case, unlike that observed with the P-TIO, the effect of nitrite is significantly reduced. Our results suggest, for the first time, that nitrite represents a direct S-nitrosylating agent in cardiac tissues and that Kir2.1 channels are one of the targets. These observations are of relevance since they support the growing evidence that nitrite is not only a NO reserve but also a direct modulator of important functional cardiac proteins