A DFT and TDDFT study of molecules with interest on photodynamic theraphy

Abstract

This PhD work concerns the theoretical photochemistry study of molecules with an interest on Photodynamic Therapy (PDT). PDT is a medical technique for the treatment of different tumor diseases, such as age related macular degeneration, psoriasis or bladder cancer. This technique is increasingly being required, in particular in cases when conventional methods, chemotherapy and radio therapy fail to be successful. It consists of the administration of photosensitizer (a drug) followed by light irradiation and requires the presence of molecular oxygen on tissue to be destructed. On molecular terms the action of the drug is explained by the excitation of the drug to a singlet state after light irradiation, followed by its conversion of to a triplet state. This triplet state, in more common cases, directly transfers its energy to molecular oxygen producing singlet oxygen. In other cases the photophysical parameters of the triplet state are such that it is allowed to participate in electron transfer reactions, where it becomes reduced and after its anion reduces oxygen forming radical oxygen species, that like singlet oxygen, is toxic to the cell, resulting in cellular death by apoptosis or necrosis. As chemists, our main interest is on the proposal of drugs with ideal photophysical and solution properties. In regards to the first aspect, a drug should have an intense absorption on the red part of the visible spectra, known as therapeutic window, where the body tissue has a better penetration. Furthermore, the drug should have ideal photochemistry parameters to participate in the reaction. For the activation of oxygen it should have a triplet energy higher than the 0.98 eV of oxygen triplet and for others photochemical mechanism of action it should have the ideal parameters namely, ionization potentials and electron affinities. The drug should be soluble in water to react on the cells, that is usually provided by an hydrophilic chemical group incorporated on the drug. In order to have fewer side effects and a decreased drug dose, the drug should preferentially be localized on the tumor site. In reality, the question to find an ideal drug goes beyond chemistry crossing the fields of physics and clinical medicine. It involves physical problems like the interaction of light and body tissue with better dispositive or lasers for light irradiation to be developed. On the clinical part, it is evaluated on the in vitro or in vivo toxicity of the drug as well as the drug’s side effects. The organic and inorganic chemists are interested on the synthesis and characterization of the new drugs. The developments of new quantum mechanics methods with a good balance between accuracy and computational cost, namely Density Functional Theory (DFT) allowed the theoretical chemists to contribute to diverse fields like bio-medicine and other fields where the size of the systems can have dimensions large enough to be studied by older quantum mechanics methods. On the particular question of PDT, the simulation of electronic spectrum and calculation of photochemical parameters can be a support to the work of experimentalist on his synthesis strategy and on the interpretation of obtained data. The chemist experimental work on PDT, usually starts with a tetrapyrrolic macrocycle, natural like porphyrin or synthetic like phthalocyanine. Its structure is modified by the incorporation of substituent groups (e.g phenyl groups) that extends the electron conjugation that can shift the maximum absorption wavelength, λmax, to red part. The possibility of predicting the effect of a substituent group can address the synthesis to a molecule than another. Also, the calculation of the photochemical parameters of the drug allows the evaluation of the feasibility of a mechanism. For example, the electronic energy of the first triplet state furnishes a first estimation on the capability of a drug to generate singlet oxygen. The theoretical methodology in this work is Density Functional Theory (DFT) for the optimization of the structures and its time dependent formalism (TDDFT) for the calculation of electronic excitations. The behavior in solutions is simulated by the solvent implicit methods(C-PCM). On the first part of the study, we focus on two compounds designed to be used on PDT, belonging to the class pentaporphyrins that are porphyrin like molecules containing five pyrrole rings. These compounds were subject to clinical studies were they have shown a PDT action. We predict the electronic spectra and further investigate the mechanism of action of these compounds. On a second part of the study, we focus on corroles - molecules analogues to porphyrin - and its metal complexes, which synthesis were recently reported. We investigate the electronic spectra and evaluate the ability to produce singlet oxygen. The third part of the study consists on a non porphyrin based compounds – the squarines. These molecules are much known to their use in photo cells devices. Their sharp transitions make them as promising drugs to be used on PDT.